Jeremy Eichler (emphasis mine):
But whatever tensions ran through his philosophy and his life, it may be said that in a century of averting eyes, [Theodor] Adorno refused to look away. After the Second World War and the Shoah, like a structural engineer inspecting the wreckage of a collapsed building in order to account for its fall, he scanned the histories of art and artworks themselves—and even the central premises of the Enlightenment—for cracks in the foundation, premonitions of future failure. “Auschwitz demonstrated irrefutably that culture has failed,” he wrote. “That this could happen in the midst of the traditions of philosophy, of art, and of the enlightening sciences says more than that these traditions and their spirit lacked the power to take hold of men and work a change in them. There is untruth in those fields themselves.” … It might also be said that, for Adorno, this is the task of art. Certain works could reveal the “rifts and crevices” of a fallen world. They could carry forward the memory of loss, and with it perhaps the seeds of a melancholy hope.
Forced out of Nazi Germany just after earning his first professorship, Adorno eventually met [Thomas] Mann at an exile party [in Los Angelas] in the summer of 1943. Not long afterward, Adorno gave the novelist a copy of his own Philosophy of New Music, an audacious manifesto then unpublished yet later to become one of Adorno’s signature works. In it Mann discovered reflections that bore, he later claimed, a striking resemblance to his own, ideas he would weave into the intellectual fabric of his novel [Doctor Faustus, published in 1947]. Chief among these may have been the notion that works of art are, in Adorno’s words, “the hidden essence of society, summoned into appearance.” But that was just the beginning. As the scholar Rose Subotnik has described, Adorno was approaching music “not merely as an organization of sounds but as an embodiment of the truths perceived by human consciousness; and the purpose of his musical writings [was] to criticize not merely the technical workings of music but, above all, the human condition of the societies that give music life.“
Beethoven was a key figure for Adorno, a composer whose work both crystallized and anticipated dramatic shifts in European society. As he saw it, at some point in Beethoven’s middle period (roughly the first decade of the nineteenth century), a work of music could sound well rounded and affirmative even triumphant—in tone while still remaining “true,” because the progress of Western society had itself reached a moment of great possibility, a time when a forward-thinking artist like Beethoven could imagine the interests of the individual (freedom) as potentially reconcilable with those of society (form). This moment of promise, however, would be short-lived. The music of Beethoven’s final years, his late period, already anticipated that the eras lofty visions, its noble humanism, was a pledge society would not keep. This is why Beethoven’s late music, in Adorno’s terms, became more “negative,” its once-smooth surfaces now fracturing, the music’s levels of dissonance allowed to grow at times to the point where, as in Beethoven’s “Grosse Fuge,” the dissonance claims the music’s expressive core.
And here is where it gets really interesting… and more challenging.
Schoenberg’s art, in this story, essentially picks up where Beethoven’s late music left off. At the end of the nineteenth century, plenty of Schoenberg’s contemporaries were still writing conventionally beautiful music, but that art’s relationship to society was now increasingly “false.” History had called its bluff, in ways we do not need Adorno to illuminate. Under the nose of enlightened humanism, Napoleon had declared himself emperor. Slavery had persisted in America. Belgian colonial rule had ravaged the Congo. Germany had committed genocide against the Herero and Nama in present-day Namibia. Beautiful art, in such a world, was like its own kind of opium for the masses, its charms serving to mask uglier truths about corruption, domination, repression, and moral rot. In this telling, then, Schoenberg’s own atonal revolution, as well as music’s turn toward harsh modern dissonance, was a kind of course correction, from an art that manufactured deceptive beauty to an art that conveyed existential truths—about life, about the suffering of humanity, about history, and about the possibility of a still-darker future. “Dissonance,” Adorno wrote, “is the truth about harmony.”
I want to add a thought to this, something from a pianist and survivor of the Theresienstadt Nazi propaganda camp. But I’ll come back to that another day.