A Confessing Church would challenge its members to ask themselves: Was it morally permissible for German Christians to vote for the Nazis in the 1920s because they hadn’t yet become the Nazis of 1939? Was it morally permissible to vote for Communists in the 1920s because the reality of the Soviet Gulag was still a few years away? Or do we hold their early voters morally culpable because the parties’ later actions were the predictable flowering of seeds planted by their ideological commitments?